Advanced Amino Acid Reference

Searchable biochemistry table for the canonical human amino acids plus selenocysteine, designed around pKa, codons, metabolic pathways, and disease relevance in muscle, kidney, and liver biology. Values are intentionally practical and approximate where chemistry is context-dependent.

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Amino acid Codes Essentiality Acid/Base Codons (RNA) pKa alpha-COOH pKa alpha-NH3+ pKa side chain Metabolic fate Major pathways Muscle relevance Kidney relevance Liver relevance Disease relevance
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Interpretive Notes

  • pKa values are approximate teaching values. Local microenvironment, ionic strength, and protein context can shift true functional ionization.
  • Codons are listed as RNA codons. DNA coding strands use T in place of U.
  • Metabolic fate summarizes the dominant carbon outcome: glucogenic, ketogenic, mixed, or specialized.
  • Muscle relevance emphasizes exercise, protein turnover, energetics, and sarcopenia biology.
  • Kidney relevance emphasizes acid-base handling, transport, toxin biology, CKD, stones, and tubular physiology.
  • Liver relevance emphasizes urea cycle, gluconeogenesis, aromatic amino-acid metabolism, methylation, and detoxification.