The serum albumin is . Serum albumin concentrations is one of the most important markers of protein energy malnutrition (PEM). PEM develops during the course of chronic kidney disease, and is associated with worse outcomes. The mechanism by which chronic kidney diease leads to a decline in nutrient intake has not been defined. Low protein and calorie intake are an important cause of malnutrition in CKD. Metabolic acidosis and proinflammatory cytokines may also play a role. (Table 81). (Guideline 9). Table 81). See Clinical Practice Guidelines for Nutrition in Chronic Renal Failure,Guideline 23 and 26.
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